Pediatric Orthopaedic Conditions: Diagnosis and Treatment in Milan
The musculoskeletal system of children develops in a unique way. Many conditions that concern parents—such as flat feet or knock-knees—are part of normal growth. As a pediatric orthopaedic specialist at Gaetano Pini and CTO Milan, I help distinguish between physiological variants and true pathologies.
Main conditions treated
Information on the main orthopaedic conditions in pediatric age.
49 conditions
Pes Planus (Flatfoot)
Does your child have flat feet? Learn if it's normal or pathological, when orthotics are needed and criteria for specialist evaluation. Milan expert.
Tarsal Coalition
Foot pain and hindfoot rigidity in a sporty adolescent? Tarsal coalition may be the cause. Learn about diagnosis and treatment options. Pediatric specialist Milan.
Juvenile Hallux Valgus
Hallux deviation, typical in adolescence. Seek evaluation if painful prominence or shoe-fitting difficulty. Pediatric orthopaedic Milan.
Genu Valgum & Genu Varum
X-shaped or O-shaped legs, normal ages 2-7. Seek evaluation if marked asymmetry or ankle distance >8cm after age 7. Milan visit.
Scoliosis
What's your child's scoliosis curve measurement? Learn about classification, when bracing is needed and surgical criteria. Milan scoliosis specialist.
Pediatric Fractures
Pediatric fractures aren't simply smaller adult fractures. When a pediatric orthopaedic check-up is useful after trauma or an ER visit.
Physeal Fractures
Growth plate (physis) injuries: specialist diagnosis and treatment.
Sports Traumatology
Sports injuries in young athletes: prevention, diagnosis and return to activity.
SCFE (Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis)
URGENT: Adolescent hip pain + limping. Seek immediate evaluation if knee/groin pain in overweight teen. Milan specialist.
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
Limping child 4-8 years without trauma. Seek evaluation if hip pain or morning stiffness. Pediatric hip specialist Milan.
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Abnormal hip ultrasound results? Learn about Graf classification, when Pavlik harness is needed, treatment duration and complete recovery chances.
Congenital Clubfoot (CTEV)
Treatment of congenital clubfoot with Ponseti method.
Idiopathic Toe Walking
Child walking on tiptoes, common until age 3. Seek evaluation if persists or Achilles tendon tightness. Milan specialist.
Limb Length Discrepancy
Does your child have one shorter leg? Learn how many cm difference is normal, when shoe lifts help, what epiphysiodesis is, and surgery criteria. Milan specialist.
Kyphosis & Scheuermann Disease
Hunched back in adolescents. Seek evaluation if curve doesn't correct with posture or back pain. Scheuermann specialist Milan.
Congenital Muscular Torticollis
Baby's head tilted to one side. Seek evaluation if neck lump or facial asymmetry. Early physical therapy Milan.
Femoral & Tibial Torsion
Rotational profile abnormalities: intoeing and out-toeing.
Out-toeing Gait
Gait with feet pointing outward: when to evaluate.
In-toeing Gait
Does your child walk with feet pointing inward and trip often? Find out if it's a physiological torsion that corrects on its own. Milan.
Sever Disease & Apophysitis
Heel and knee pain in young athletes 8-15 years. Seek evaluation for limping after sports or persistent symptoms. Pediatric sports medicine Milan.
Pes Cavus (Cavus Foot)
Does your child have a very high arch? Find out whether cavus foot is constitutional or whether it requires neurological assessment. Pediatric specialist Milan.
Hindfoot Valgus
Heel tilted inward, often together with flatfoot. Seek evaluation if rigid or painful. Pediatric orthopaedic assessment Milan.
Anterior Knee Pain
Does your child have knee pain after sports or going up stairs? Learn the most common causes in children and adolescents: overload, patellar issues, referred pain. Milan.
Neonatal Screening
Complete orthopaedic evaluation in newborn: hips, spine, feet, torticollis.
Orthopaedic Check-up
Preventive orthopaedic evaluation at key stages of growth.
Posture Evaluation
Assessment of posture and postural defects in developmental age.
Nursemaid's Elbow
Child won't move arm after being pulled. Benign subluxation, resolves with quick reduction maneuver. Pediatric orthopaedic Milan.
Juvenile Osteochondroses
Group of growth-related bone disorders affecting growth cartilage in young athletes.
Non-Ossifying Fibroma
Benign bone lesion: reassurance on a common incidental finding.
Osteochondroma (Exostosis)
Benign bony growth: when to observe and when to operate.
Hereditary Multiple Exostoses (HME)
Hereditary condition with multiple exostoses: long-term follow-up and surgical management.
Simple Bone Cyst
Benign bone cavity: fracture risk, injections, and surgical management.
Patellar Dislocation
Kneecap dislocation in children: evaluation, conservative and surgical treatment.
Metatarsus Varus
Neonatal forefoot deformity: evaluation, mobilizations and treatment.
Athletic Pubalgia
Groin pain during sports? Pubalgia affects young soccer players and athletes. Learn about causes, diagnosis, and recovery. Milan specialist.
ASIS Avulsion Fracture
Sudden hip pain during a sprint or kick? ASIS avulsion fracture affects adolescent athletes. Learn about diagnosis and recovery. Milan.
AIIS Avulsion Fracture
Acute groin pain after a missed kick? AIIS avulsion is typical of young soccer players. Learn about diagnosis and treatment. Milan.
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Does your child have pain below the knee after sports? Osgood-Schlatter is the most common cause in adolescents. Learn about diagnosis, course and treatment in Milan.
Sever's Disease
Does your child have heel pain after sports? Sever's disease is the most common apophysitis in children 8-14 years. Diagnosis and treatment in Milan.
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Syndrome
Does your child have pain at the base of the kneecap? SLJ syndrome is an apophysitis typical of ages 10-14. Diagnosis and treatment in Milan.
Köhler's Disease
Does your 3-7 year old limp with foot pain? Köhler's disease is an osteochondritis of the tarsal navicular. Diagnosis and treatment in Milan.
Freiberg's Disease
Does your teenage daughter have forefoot pain when walking? Freiberg's disease is a metatarsal osteonecrosis typical of girls 12-18. Milan.
Iselin's Disease
Does your child have pain on the outer edge of the foot after sports? Iselin's disease is often mistaken for a sprain. Diagnosis and treatment in Milan.
Panner's Disease
Does your child have elbow pain after gymnastics or throwing? Panner's disease is an osteochondritis typical of ages 5-10. Diagnosis and treatment in Milan.
Pectus Carinatum
Is your child's sternum protruding? Pectus carinatum can be corrected with a compressive brace. Learn when it works and when surgery is needed. Milan.
Pectus Excavatum
Is your child's sternum sunken? Learn when pectus excavatum needs cardiac evaluation, vacuum bell, or the Nuss procedure. Milan specialist.
Isthmic Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
Does your child have low back pain after sports involving hyperextension (gymnastics, dance, soccer)? Learn when to suspect spondylolysis and how to treat it. Milan.
Septic Arthritis of the Hip
Joint infection — URGENT. Watch for fever + limping + refusal to bear weight in a child. Prompt evaluation, Milan.
Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)
Recurrent knee, elbow or ankle pain in a young athlete? Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a cartilage and subchondral bone lesion that requires specialist assessment.